The Keppel Corporation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1953 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? 1. Introduction 1.1 Objective of the assignment 1.2 Structure of assignment 2. Background of the assignment The assignment is based on the research of Keppel Corporation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Keppel Corporation" essay for you Create order Keppel Corporation is one of the largest conglomerates in Singapore and one of the worlds largest builders of offshore oilrigs. The Keppel Group of Companies includes Keppel Offshore Marine, Keppel Infrastructure, Keppel Telecommunications Transportation (Keppel TT) and Keppel Land, among others. 3. Concept of Shareholder Value Maximisation 3.1 Concepts: In recent years, shareholder values creation becomes a very popular topic among top management. They think through creating shareholder value strategy, companies can gain large profits from it. But many of them misunderstand this concept. Shareholder value maximization is a kind of strategy for a long-term business operation. Totally different from maximizing profit, shareholder value maximization focus on identifying growth opportunities and building competitive advantage. So shareholder value maximization punishes short-term strategies that destroy assets and fail to capitalize on the companys core capabilities. There was a version of definition to define the shareholder value that the value delivered to shareholders because of managements ability to grow earnings, dividends and share price. In other words, shareholder value is the sum of all strategic decisions that affect the firms ability to efficiently increase the amount of free cash flow over time. Theo Vermaelen, Professor of Finance at INSEAD argued that shareholder value is defined as the present value of free cash flows from now until infinity, discounted at a rate that reflects the risks of these cash flows, therefore, maximizing shareholder value is not the same thing as maximizing short-term profits, earnings per share or manipulating stock prices through accounting fraud. This is a mainstream opinion for most of experts in the world. But these arguments mostly concentrate more on what will shareholder value maximization bring to us? They ignore the definition on the premise of who are shareholders. Many writers also have p ointed out that a company has social and environmental responsibilities and that shareholders are not the only stakeholders in the business. These experts argued that some groups outside of stakeholders are also having long-term interests and relationships with a company. These are groups that mentioned as employees, customers, managers, suppliers and community. As we listed, almost all kinds of people relate to a company impact share price. So in that case, in the long term, shareholder value is the best strategy for all stakeholders. But it depends on the way managers create shareholder value. On the other hand, all shareholders are also very vulnerable in a short-run business due to a non-sustainable resources control. But in practice, managers who insist shareholder value maximization are always over-concentrated on the words of maximization. Sometimes, when ethical problem were met, some managers even know what is wrong to social responsibility, they have to make more pro fits for stakeholders. And in businesses, entrepreneurs commonly consider this term as: managers try to gain the maximized profits to increase their companies share price by whatever ways can be done. And this version of definition is totally negative to compare with experts theoretical argument. 3.2 Advantages: The opinion of shareholder wealth is tightly linked to the opinion of continued business expansion and profits. There are three advantages of maximization of shareholder wealth. Long-term Development Economists such as Bartley Madden and James Owens think of the maximization of shareholder wealth to be the natural result of profitable business activities. These are similar to capital expansion. These two specialists differ on this as the objective of all business, but the general opinion is that such expansion is what makes stockholders happy. This results in loyal stockholders, devoted board members and the endless increase in share value. The media attention of such performance generated can enhance the public reputation of any firm. Except maintaining happy shareholders and obtaining a powerful reputation, maximizing shareholder value has many advantages. It is very obvious that continuing profits, reinvestment and expansion make everyone happy. To Managers, salaries and reputations increase; to salesmen, commissions rise; to governments, more tax funds and more people are being hired to be staff at the expanding firm. These are all the segments of the advantage of long-term development of the firm. Employee Benefit There are situations in which a share increases when a company declares plan to fire employees, but observed over time this is the exception rather than the regulation. Generally, companies successfully increase share prices with growing and adding more employees, therefore benefiting society. Notice that many governments around the world, including U.S. federal and state governments, are privatizing some of their st ate-owned activities through selling these operations to stakeholders. Probably not surprisingly, the sales and cash flows of lately privatized companies generally enhance. In addition, studies show that these recently privatized companies have a trend to increase and therefore need more employees when they are managed with the objective to maximize share price. Social Contribution The owners of share are society to a large extent. More than seventy years ago, this was not correct, because most stock ownership was concentrated in a relatively small part of society, including the richest individuals. Since then, there has been explosive growth in pension funds, life insurance companies, and mutual funds. These organizations now own more than 60% of all shares, which indicates that most people have an indirect stake in the stock market. Furthermore, compare with only 32.5% of all U.S households own stock directly in 1989, now ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s more than 50% of that. Hence , most social members now have a significant stake in the stock market, no matter directly or indirectly. Thus, when a manager behaves to maximize the share price, this promotes the quality of life for millions of the general public. If a firm is continually growing, investing and expanding, everyone benefits. The concentration of corporations on maximizing shareholder wealth also potentially has several negative consequences. 3.3 Disadvantages The concentration of corporations on maximizing shareholder wealth also potentially has several negative consequences. Difficulties in Operation There are two basic and relevant criticisms of the maximizing shareholder wealth. One criticism is that it does not give staff enough incentive to realize high performance. The other is that it is difficult in operation it doesnt give employees and managers a guidance of what to do at an actual level. There are some reasons why shareholder value objective may not be desire. First of all, normally few of the employees are also members of shareholders. Secondly, the direct connection between their own specific occupations and the share prices of the company they cannot see. Thirdly, share prices often move because of macroeconomic elements and market drive uncorrelated to the administrative performance. Bad Business Practices One potential disadvantage of corporations to focus on maximizing shareholder wealth is that it can cause terrible or unsustainable business practices. Some managers misguide investors on purpose for making their firms appear more valuable than they truly are. Sometimes these behaviors are lawless, like those by the senior executives at Enron. Sometimes the actions are lawful, but they are taken to promote the current market price higher than its basic price in the short term. For example, introducing to the global crisis which start in the late 2000s, many financial organizations in the U.S. gave mortgages to borrowers, even they had po or credit in the expectations of making as much gain as possible. However these practices may have generated short-term profits, the consequent plenty of defaults and foreclosures finally caused banks to undertake enormous losses. In some situations, businesses participate in illegal or immoral activities, such as tampering financial information for enhancing shareholder wealth. Overmuch concentrate on shareholder wealth is generally utilized as an element that led to the recession that began in late 2007, which so called the Global Financial Crisis. 4. Company valuation over the past 5 years: In order to assess whether Keppel Corporation has delivered shareholder value over the past 5 years, it is based on a companys ability to generate cash flow now and future. By using three methods below, it will be estimated and explain clearly. 4.1: Net asset value The Net Asset Value is a calculation that determines the price of a share in a mutual fund. Stock prices change within minutes, sometimes-even seconds. The reason why we calculate NAV is that mutual fund of NPV is adjusted at the close of each business day, making it much easier for investors and brokers to track. Calculated as: NAV = Total Assets Total Liabilities 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Fixed asset 5,890 5,430 5,120 4,080 559 Current asset 985,367 1,785,666 2,024,337 2,286,081 2,818,524 Current liability 712,205 425,017 415,421 504,160 542,175 Non current liability 305,608 5,377 504,934 504,936 1,504,932 Net asset value (26,556) 1,360,702 1,109,102 1,281,065 771,976 The net asset value of Keppel Corporation from 2008 to 2012 4.2: Price earning multiple The second method is Price-earning multiple. It is a valuation ratio of a companys current share price compared to its per-share earnings. The P/E shows the relationship between the stock price and the firms earnings, and it is the most popular metric of stock analysis. Calculated as: P/E = Market per share Earning per share Average closing stock (Market price) EPS P/E ratio 2008 4.32 0.72 6.0 2009 8.26 0.70 11.8 2010 11.322 1.02 11.10 2011 7.735 0.91 8.50 2012 11.50 1.25 9.20 (https://www.dividendsranking.com/Keppel-Corp-dividend-yield.html) The price earning per share of Keppel Corporation has a fluctuation trend. However, there is an upward movement during 2008 to 2012 from 6.0 to 9.20. It increases 3.20. The fluctuation of the price earning per share may be due to the number changes of price per share and earning per share of each year. The price earning per share grows up dramatically at this time is from 2008 to 2009, which is 5.8. In contrast, the earing per share decreases from 0.72 to 0.70. To gain this significant increase, the price per share of Keppel Corporation also increases. On the next year, there is an increase slightly, which is 0.02. A higher price-earning ratio indicates that the market is more willing to pay for the earning of the company. It also suggests that investors are expecting higher earning increase in the future, and how fast company will recover its current share price per earning. It shows a good growth potential. On the contrary, the price earning per share slumps down from 11.10 (2010) to 8.50 (2011) before turning increase to 9.20 in 2012. The table above shows that there is a decrease from 1.02 (2010) to 0.91 (2011) so that, the price per share of firm also go down. The market doesnt have much confidence in the future of share at this time. 4.3: Discounted cash flow: The discounted cash flow is a quantification method, which is used to assess the attractiveness of an investment chances. The Discounted Cash Flow analysis involves the use of future free cash flow protrusions and discounts them. Hence, it is to approach the net present value that is used to calculate the potential for investment. The free cash flow indicates that the cash left in the firm after paying all operating and mandatory expenditures such as interest, tax payment and investment expenses. With free cash flow, a firm is allowed to pursue chances that enhance shareholder value, develop new products, and pay sharehold ers. Free cash flow is calculated as: Operating profit + Depreciation Interest Taxes 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Operating profit 1,238,474 1,504,791 1,756,494 2,824,344 2,621,175 Depreciation 139,078 174,313 188,633 208,571 210,512 Interest 78,671 49,675 64,701 98,230 134,933 Taxes 288,030 347,875 580,632 443,574 500,619 Investment Expenditure 563,076 1,221,440 1,266,045 1,561,196 1,323,241 Free cash flow 447,775 60,114 33,749 929,915 872,894 From the result of free cash flow with the assumption of rate of return is 9%, which is depended on the average closing stock during 5 years; the discounted cash flow is calculated as: FCF1 Vo= The opportunity is considered to be a good one if the value reached at through the discounted cash flow analysis is greater than the current cost of investment. 4.4: Discussion of the Findings (compare with market) 5. Conclusion: References: https://www.dividendsranking.com/Keppel-Corp-dividend-yield.html Peter Doyle, 2nd edition, Value-based Marketing: Marketing Strategies for Corporate Growth and Shareholder Value.; 2008, Published by John Wiley Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, West Sussex, England. Theo Vermaelen, Maximising shareholder value: an ethical responsibility?; December 26, 2008 ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢www.insead.edu ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢available at ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ https://knowledge.insead.edu/csr/ethics/maximising-shareholder-value-an-ethical-responsibility-1840.

Eco 372 Week 1 Dq1 Essay - 1395 Words

Week 1 – DQ Identify economic factors that affect the real GDP, the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, and a key interest rate. How do you predict the economy will perform in the next two years given the current state of two of the economic factors you identified? How might your organization be affected by these changes? Response #1 There are many factors that affect the real GDP such as interest rates, consumers confidence in spending and/or asset prices. When it comes to interest rates, the lower the rate the less expensive it is to borrow, which encourages spending. For example, those individuals who have a mortgage to pay will have a lower payment; however, when there is a low to no interest rate, it leaves lenders†¦show more content†¦As people spend more money, the demand for money also grows. When money is in high demand, the Government lowers interest rates, thus creating access to more funds by more people and more goods will be sold. Consumption is a good indicator of consumer confidence, which means people feel secure about the future and dont mind spending their money on more frivolous things. When consumer confidence is low, people hold onto their money and dont spend as much. I feel that if Americans are confident about their jobs and their future that their consumption will continue to in crease and the economy will gradually start to rebound. If , however, they are not confident then consumption will go own and the economy will grow stagnant or get worse. Where I live, the current economic crisis doesnt seem to have penetrated the area as much as other parts of the country. Our unemployment rate for Kansas is 6.3%, fairly low compared to the rest of the country. The highest is Nevada with 12%. Here we have new businesses and houses going up everywhere. My employer, General Electric, has just finished building a 100+ wind turbine park that I am currently in charge of. I dont think that the local area will be affected by the changes in consumption or consumer confidence as much as other areas would be. This town in particular seems to be fairly self contained, lots of local mom and pop shops, not as many large national businesses that if they packed up and left town would harm the

Tousrism Australia Development of Australian Tourism

Question: Discuss the term for Tousrism Australia and Development of Australian Tourism. Answer: Tourism Australia is managed by a Board of Directors who is answerable to the Federal Minister for Tourism. The sole function of the Board is to craft the policies and to facilitate proper and efficient organization of the Tourism Australia. For the appointment to be a director of the Board of Tourism Australia, a candidate must meet the following essential criteria. Education A candidate must possess a degree from a university recognized by the Australian Higher Education Board and specialized in the field such as ecotourism, business management, tourism marketing, or a suitable combination, in addition, to experience. Experience Potential candidate must have fifteen years experience in a managerial position either in public or a private organization. Furthermore, he/she must have enormous experience in policy formulation and implementation of corporate best practices and governance principles. Similarly, he/she need to have the ability to relate with the senior government officials as well as stakeholders in different areas of specialization (Buultjens and Gale, 2013, p. 45). Knowledge, understanding A potential candidate must have adequate knowledge of the mandate, responsibilities, and the roles of Tourism Australian Board. Additionally, he/she must have sufficient understanding of the Australian Tourism Act as well as the financial policies of the Australia. Abilities The candidate possesses strong managerial skills and leadership abilities to aid the Board in the effective performance of its duties. Similarly, he/she must have excellent reporting and communication skills, both in written and oral. Also, he/she must have the ability to manage communications with the media as well as with the stakeholders (Park and Kim, 2014, p. 208). References Buultjens, J., and Gale, D., 2013. Facilitating the development of Australian tourism enterprises; The business ready program for indigenous tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 5, pp.41-50. Park, D.B., Doh, K.R. and Kim, K.H., 2014. Successful managerial behavior for farm-based Tourism: A functional approach. Tourism Management, 45, pp.201-210.

Significance of Manned Missions to Mars free essay sample

After Apollo 11 succeeded in the first manned mission to land on the Moon in 1969, people’s interests were gradually leaving the Moon and went on to Mars, which is the most similar planet to Earth in the solar system. In such a current of public opinion, the U. S. and other countries have been trying to send human beings to Mars. However, today, there is a debate as to whether we should continue making efforts to send mankind to Mars, or not. Some people say that it is not worth the expense and risk to make a manned flight to Mars. On the other hand, others think it is still important to continue making those attempts – not for a material purpose, but for pursuing romance of space travel. Opponents of a manned mission to Mars claim that it costs too much to keep making attempts, and if we did not have to spend such money on those missions, we could increase health-care, education, and some other budgets. We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of Manned Missions to Mars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is true. However, what is waiting for us in such a future as we will get at the sacrifice of dream or romance? What is necessary for people of today is not material wealth which we can get by cutting the budget of missions to Mars but mental wealth which we can cultivate by pursuing romance or dreaming of it. Opponents also maintain that we should quit trying to make those impractical attempts and wait until the technology is established because we cannot send mankind to Mars with the current technology. However, this argument is off the point because it is not important whether those attempts are impractical or not at the present moment. Necessity always makes technology develop. By practically continuing making efforts to send mankind to Mars, we can develop the technology which is needed to make it possible. In order to get something, we have to do something. Just waiting for something doesn’t help. The other arguments advanced by opponents is that we will not have any beneficial results except mental satisfaction such as dream or romance even if we can make a manned flight to Mars. However, of course, there are several beneficial things we will get from the success of missions to Mars. At first, understanding Mars helps us to understand more about our planet Earth because of the similarity between these two planets. We may be able to know how to protect the environment on Earth by studying how Mars died. Additionally, space engineering is one of the latest frontiers of science. We will be able to apply the technology we will have developed in this field to several other fields. Accordingly, missions to Mars have a benefit not only for people who are interested in Mars but also for people who are not. Certainly, it may not be easy to continue making efforts to send mankind to Mars, and it costs a lot. Nonetheless, things we get by missions to Mars are more than things we lose by it as mentioned above. By pursuing romance of space travel, we make dream which seems impossible to be achieved come true, and while we enjoy technology and knowledge we get from missions to Mars, we can avoid losing mental wealth at the same time. We should continue trying to make a manned flight to Mars.

Heart Of Darkness Essays (1228 words) - Fiction, Literature

Heart Of Darkness Heart Of Darkness Whether a reader connects to the symbolism of Heart Of Darkness or is merely reading it for fun, one cannot go away from this story without a lingering feeling of uneasiness. Joseph Conrad writes what seems to be a simple story about a man in search of an ivory hunter; one must look deeper into the jungle which makes up the core of Heart Of Darkness , where Conrad hides the meanings and symbolisms that shape this story. Conrad has been accused of being a racist because of the way he portrays the natives in this story. It is a controversy that continues even today. It can be argued that because of the way he depicts the natives, they cannot be an essential part of Heart of Darkness. However, if one reads between the lines it is obvious the story would not be shaped the way it was if the natives were not involved. The natives in a sense, create Kurtz. They are his "people" and his followers: Suddenly round the corner of the house a group of men appeared, as though they had come up from the ground. They waded waist-deep in the grass in a compact body bearing an improvised stretcher in their midst. Instantly in the emptiness of the landscape a cry arose whose shrillness pierced the still air...And is if by enchantment streams of human beings - of naked human beings - with spears in their hands, with bows, with shields, with wild glances and savage movements, were poured into the clearing by the dark-faced and pensive forest.(58-59) The first time Marlow meets Kurtz is in this scene. It shows Kurtz not only depends on the natives for physical support but also for protection. Conrad's portrayal of the natives as "human beings with wild glances and savage movements" is ironic because Conrad does not think they have the right to be put on the same level as the white man even though Kurtz could not exist without them. The natives are Kurtz's followers and worship him like a god and yet they are seen as only a part of the jungle that is "dark" and "undiscovered". One scene in Heart Of Darkness which unquestionably shows the lack of respect the natives are given is when Marlow is at the Company Station on his way to the Congo. He describes the natives as "ants" which are decomposers. Marlow is describing the natives as creatures that do nothing but break down and destroy the land. When Marlow tries to get away from this scene of natives he steps "into a gloomy circle of some Inferno...Black shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees, leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming out, half effaced within the dim light, in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair...They were dying slowly...they were nothing earthly now, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom." (20) Marlow characterizes the natives as "unearthly creatures" that have been abandoned from society. It has been accepted that they do not deserve to live like regular human beings. They must live in "abandonment and despair" because they are criminals. Marlow depicts them as slowly rising out of the earth as if they were horrid creatures that only come out in the darkness because no one can bear to see them in the daytime. Marlow also describes the natives as "bundles of acute angles sat with their legs drawn up...one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees and went off on all-fours towards the river to drink. He lapped out of his hand, then sat up in the sunlight crossing his shins in front of him, and after a time let his woolly head fall on his breastbone." (21) This is utter degradation of a human being. At this point, one does not even see the natives as human anymore. They have been described not only as acute angles but as dogs that lap up their water on all fours. How more degrading can one be to a race of people? The one distinguishable native in Heart Of Darkness is the helmsman. Although, he is not important enough to be given a name, he is given a title which is a step above his comrades. He is "an athletic black belonging to some coast tribe...He sported a pair of brass earrings, wore a blue cloth wrapper from the waist to the ankle, and thought all the world of himself. He was the most unstable kind

Organizational analysis with reference to Social work

Organizational analysis with reference to Social work Introduction Organizations employ a vast range of social workers. These social workers are engaged in myriads of work within any organization. This work indeed varies from working in a large organization charged with production of goods to organizations that are predominantly engaged in designing and production of services aimed at satisfying communal and even individual needs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational analysis with reference to Social work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human service organizations employ an immense number of social workers. As a way of example, psychiatrists and psychologists entangle some of the social workers who work much more independently that social workers do generally. Given the complexities of social work service within an organization, many theories have been proposed to explain the nature and the relevance of social workers within an organization. Some of such theo ries are feminism and human services, as discussed by Jones and May (1992, p. 56), amongst others. This paper works from a human service organization perspective to compare and contrast feminism and human service theories. Background Following the emergence of the second movement for liberation of women, scholars have challenged many of the traditional understanding of the women’s experiences. This has prompted the emergence of a new scholarship body deploying concepts of feminism. With respect to social work theories, feminism is deployed to refer to â€Å"a mode of analysis involving certain ways of thinking and of acting, which are designed to eliminate the oppression of women in the society to achieve women’s liberation† (Hannan, Carroll Polos 2003, p.310). Feminism theory provides strongly founded grounds for studying the various experiences of women with social human services organizations especially based on the premise that social, economic and politica l structures shape the experiences of women. According to Tong (1989), in social work context, â€Å" feminist thought assumes that women’s interests and perspectives are valid in and of themselves, are not inferiors or secondary to those of men’s, nor should they be defined only in relation to or as a derivation from men’s experiences† (30).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, this concern forms the criticisms of traditional psychological, philosophical, and historical scholarship. The absence of such assumptions is the building blocks of the feministic approaches employed in human services organizations. Human services theoretical perspective has at its heart the perception that social work is all about helping people irrespective of the differences either in gender terms or in any other way of classification of organizations’ w orking population. As Reskin and Hartmann (1986) note, human service theory perceives â€Å"social work as being all about social change at an individual as well as at community’s level† (p.102). In this context, human services theory mostly focuses on the resolution of people challenges within an organization amid the complexities that exist within human services organizations. In fact, this theory appreciates this nature of complexities. Thus, it sees the solutions to such complexities as being rested on the platforms of inculcating the spirit of creativity and fostering knowledge development among social workers (Jones May 1992, p.47). Ideally, human services theory seeks to provide responses to various interrogatives such as the relevance of seeking to know why people suffer, people’s responsibilities in resolution of social work problems showing how mechanisms of providing knowledge about human challenges may be availed. Similarities Both human services an d feminism theories are all advanced with the main objective of providing ways of explaining people’s behaviors, the way they view and even think about particular situations within the social work environment. Essentially then, the two perspectives provide the lens through which social workers acquire guidance. From a different dimension, the two theories are similar since their practicability is rested on a variety of quite similar frameworks, which actually influence the two perspectives. An example of these frameworks is ecosystem perspective. According to Hannan, Carroll and Polos, ecosystem perspective â€Å"focuses on the interplay between the person and his or her environment† (2003, p.312).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational analysis with reference to Social work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Paramount to note is that, whether from a feministic theory perspective or human service s perspective, it is widely agreeable that people within human services organization deserve to understand the functioning of various individuals. However, in an endeavor to understand people better, it is crucial that one understands the environmental context within which the person lives (Jones May 1992, p.52). Mohr (1998) â€Å"argues that â€Å"Individuals exist within families, families exist within communities and neighborhoods, and neighborhoods exist in a political, economic, and cultural environment† (p.355). In both theoretical perspectives, it is arguable that an individual’s environment contributes widely into shaping individual and group beliefs, choices and behaviors. Apparently, social work, as a discipline, pays an immense focus in attempting to understand people’s problems. These problems arguably stem right from the environment in which an individual comes, something that both human services and feminism theories indebt to address. Both theor etical perspectives deploy the concepts of human strengths in their premises. In the words of Berkun, â€Å"strengths perspective is built on the assumption that every individual, family, group and community has strengths. Focusing on these, strengths lead to growth and overcoming difficulties† (1984, p. 22). Directly congruent with this line of thought, both theoretical perspectives perceive clients as being the most plausible determinates of the appropriate helping strategies for employment in the resolution of problems afflicting them. In both theoretical perspectives, working from the contexts of clients are critical endeavors in contributing to coming up with a helping strategy that is both effective and efficient in resolution of challenges at hand. Consideration of cultural perspectives is yet another essential similarity between human services and feminism approaches in addressing issues in human services organizations.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguably, in an attempt to come into an understating of people’s challenges within an organization, it is crucial for social workers, irrespective of the theoretical perspective they subscribe to, to ensure that they are culturally competent. This ideally calls for â€Å"understanding and approval of cultural distinctions, taking into account the beliefs, values, activities, and customs of distinctive population groups within an organisation† (Hannan, Carroll and Polos 2003, p.314). As a way of example, social workers working in the health services sector, whether deploying feminism or human services theoretical perspective or not, have at the back of their minds that the manner in which people discuss issues relating to their bodies impacts the way a person reacts. This acts as a determining factor of whether the person in question accepts or rejects the health services being offered. In this context, both theoretical perspectives recognize the necessity to integrate both acceptable social work principles with cultural principles of clients in an attempt to make social workers’ work yield substantive fruits. Differences Although human services and feminism approaches to social work within an organization have a number of similarities, some differences are also worth noting. While human services theory tends to treat all people working with organizations irrespective of the differences in terms of gender and or sexuality, feminism theory focuses more on women, as opposed to men claiming that women are different in a myriad of ways. Consequently, it sounds substantial to argue that â€Å"Feminist theory examines women in the social world addressing issues of concern to women focusing on these from the perspective, experiences, and viewpoint of women† (Berkun 1984, 20). At the inner core of the feminism theory is holding the position that women have been disadvantaged for a long time especially when perceived as lesser sex. For this p urpose, feminism theory in social work pays incredible time to introspect â€Å"feminist history, geography, literature, science, and develops ideas and approaches that are useful in a wide variety of these disciplines† (Mohr 1998, p.345). Feminism theory, as opposed to human services theory, is essentially a criticism of the convectional social work theories. Placing more emphasis on the women’s need developed an alternative knowledge an endevour to strike a commonplace and position as compared to men. Arguably, the position taken by feminism theorists is indeed a questionable one. For instance, how can focusing more on problems related to women help in promoting equality within human services organizations while negating the concerns of men, either partially or in totality? Apparently, the more the debate uphold the articulation women as essential social group worth of protection against the past historical gender (male) perceiving itself as being more superiors, the more the much forgotten differences tend to resurface. Second wave of women libration concerns are critical elements of feminism theory, as opposed to human services theory, which treats both genders equally in its premises. As argued before, this movement endeavors to provide an amicable understanding of experiences of women within organizations through promotion of new scholarship. Sandell (1993) notes, â€Å"this expanding interest in women has influenced the social work profession, but not to the extent one might expect in a field dominated by women both as professionals and clients† (p.663). In this end, it is evident that feminism as a practice, ideology or an ethical commitment has dominated the concerns of social work more as compared to human services theoretical perspectives. Arguably, this is perhaps because feminism theory, in comparison to human services theory, deploys values that are essentially sympathetic in nature. The end effect is women social workers per ceiving themselves as â€Å"integral to, and synonymous with, their personal and professional identity† (Sandell 1993, p.665). From this perspective, it is crucial to note that feminism theory tends to offer an opportunity for people subscribing to it to deviate from deploying the theory to guide their professional practice and rather focus more on applying their personal beliefs coupled with their own values in practice. Relevance of feminism and human services knowledge to professional social work practice The knowledge of feminism and human services theories and their applicability in human services organization is incredible since they aid immensely in fostering social workers’ professionalism and mastery of their areas of specialization. This knowledge aids them in identification of the eminent points of disagreements between the two theoretical perspectives and hence evaluation of the implication of such difference in the context of the social worker-client relat ionship. Arguably, this may go far in aiding in integration and appreciation of the perspectives one subscribes to with other people’s ways of thinking in an attempt to create a professional body. With regard to Thomson (2000), â€Å"the existence and use of a theory base or body of formal knowledge are strongly associated with the notion of professionalism and occupational credibility that professionalism status can be seen to bestow† (p.57). Therefore, theory is essential since it acts as a mechanism of adding value to status coupled with respect of a given profession that often goes into fostering the practice of a given profession- in this case social work. It is important for a social worker who is working in human service organization to understand these perspectives. The knowledge of human services theory and feminism theory or even any other theory of human services organization may help social workers in many ways. Paramount is that such knowledge is incredibl e in helping a social worker to understand the purpose and tasks of social work or rather the role that social work plays within the society in which he or she lives. The theories, additionally, provide magnificent methodologies that guide a social worker on how to go about with his or her roles as a social worker. Substantive understanding of one’s profession coupled with the procedures of conducting the roles associated with the profession acts as a subtle tool for enhancing an individual’s professionalism success. In the context of social work, this is availed through precise understanding of human services theories. Consequently, by not having this knowledge, it hinders the social worker’s practice in the sense that such a person is largely non-cognizant of the roles akin to his or her profession. Hence, he or she may be incompetent to practice what the profession entails. Conclusion Social workers do differing work within the organizations that employs them . This work is varied and ranges from doing social work in a large organization charged with production of goods to the organization that predominantly design and produce services aimed at satisfying communal, societal, and individual needs. For the social workers to be conversant with their roles and methodologies of executing their tasks, it is significant that they become conversant with theories of social work. Stemming from this argument, the paper has found it plausible to work from a human service organization perspective to compare and contrast feminism perspectives and human service perspective as some of these theories. References Berkun, C 1984, ‘Women and the field experience: Toward a model of nonsexist field-based learning conditions’, Journal of Education for Social Work, vol. 20 no. 3, pp-20-26. Hannan, T, Carroll, G, Polos, L 2003, ‘The organizational niche’, Sociological Theory, vol. 21 no. 4, pp.309–340. Jones, A May, J 1992, Wor king In Human Service Organisation: A Critical Introduction, Longman, Cheshire. Mohr, W 1998, ‘Measuring meaning structures’, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 2 no. 3, pp. 345–370. Reskin, F Hartmann, H 1986, Women’s work, men’s work: Sex segregation on the job, National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Sandell, K 1993, ‘Different voices: Articulating Feminist Social Work’, Journal of Social Welfare, vol. 3 no. 2, pp.663-669. Thomson, N 2000, Theory and practice in human services, Open University Press, Buckingham, Philadelphia. Tong, R 1989, Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction, Westview Press, Boulder.

Schumann and Stravinsky Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Schumann and Stravinsky - Research Paper Example In the 1830s he started writing piano miniatures which were extraordinary. Also it was during this time that he made his debut as a music critic and started his own journal, which became the focus of his efforts. In this journal he championed composers who had talent, and established a canon of Romantic music. It was also during these years that he composed his masterpieces; Carnaval, for piano and Dichterliebe. In 1840 he married Clara Wieck, a talented pianist inducing an element of stability in his life however this was also when his mental health started to deteriorate. His failure at opera, Genoveva, in 1843 caused him a great disappointment after which his mental state continued to deteriorate. After an attempt at suicide in 1854 he voluntarily entered an asylum. It was here that he passed away in 1856 (Worthen, 2007). In mid June 1882, Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky was born in a town near St. Petersburg in Russia. From a small age he was surrounded by music mostly because his fat her was a star singer of the Imperial Opera. When he was 9 he started piano lessons and studied music throughout his early life. In 1902 he, like Schumann, pursued a law degree however music was where his real interest was. Also just like Schumann, he started his musical career as a amateur pianist and was bilingual. Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, his teacher started giving him regular lesson from 1905 till 1908. Although Stravinsky’s first composition was that of a Symphony, which he wrote in 1906, it was The Firebird, a ballet composed in 1910, which put him under the spotlight. This was followed by Petrushka, which like The Firebird was a modern composition of something which was fundamentally Russian. It was his third ballet, The Rite of Spring which established his name as one of the well known composers of the age. In 1920 he moved to France and formed a partnership with the company that manufactured pianos, Pleyel. During 1939 he delivered lectures in Harvard and was already working on his symphony in C. This was meant for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. It was in this year that he moved to United States and married one again. He was on the set of the Paramount Pictures in 1956, where he recorded the musical score for the production â€Å"The Court Jester†. An incorporation of many of the modern classical styles of music was a major part of Stravinsky’s professiona l life. In 1959, he received the Sonning Award, which is one of Denmark’s highest honors. He returned to Leningrad to do a series of concerts in 1962. It was in 1971 that he died at the age of 88 and was buried in Venice. The piece I have chosen from Schumann’s compositions is Fantasy for Violin and Orchestra Op. 131 played by Arnold Katz. There are several key differences between this composition and Stravinsky’s ‘Rite of Spring’. These differences also go to reflect the major changes in music over the passage of time, more specifically from the Romantic era to the Neoclassical era. You see, Schumann’s composition comprises of the key characteristics being reflected in his work. These are those of highlighting the orchestra’s highly praised 2009 Beethoven cycle. A key characteristic of Schumann’s work is a reflection of the love of nature. You see the romantic era was all about the critical

Role of Followers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Role of Followers - Essay Example I think this analogy clearly explains my vision of the role of followers in the organization. Leaders with committed followers are more successful that those who are not supported by others. I am a student and I can observe the role of the followers when we work in groups. Team leaders become main decision-makers. However, if their decisions are not supported by the team, they cannot make people work together. Instead of working they waste their time trying to persuade the leader to change his or her mind. In fact, good support of the followers boosts work effectiveness. Successful empowerment depends on many factors. First of all, it is presented by leaders ability to listen to their followers and take their opinions seriously. Ignorant leaders are not respected by their followers; accordingly, they cannot empower them. Second, leaders should give people enough freedom to act. If people feel that they they are also decision-makers, they are more committed to their work. Finally, leaders and followers should have shared vision of the situation in order to think in one direction. It is very important because their actions should be aligned for the sake of success. The article by Kotelnikov (n.d.) presents the most essential function of effective leadership. In my opinion, developing shared vision is the most crucial one. I believe that people can work together successfully only when they have the same vision of the situation. Leaders who lie to their followers or do not share their plans with them fail to make their followers see the same picture. I have observed several examples of good and bad leadership at school when we were divided in the groups of four to work on our projects. Those groups where team leaders were not sharing information with their followers and tried to do as much work as possible themselves without engaging their teams were a failure. At the same time, the teams where all participants understood their goal and had their tasks to be

Discuss the IOM(institute of medicine) reports and how the reports Assignment

Discuss the IOM(institute of medicine) reports and how the reports apply to your specific practice area. Do you agree with the recommendations - Assignment Example The report also discusses the education of the nurses and their views to enhance their education. The nurses should be allowed to work along with the physicians and health care professionals in designing health care (Davis, Davis, & Williams, 2010). Registered Nurses (RN) are qualified and trained to perform an initial assessment of the patients. It is a part of their job to make health care plans for the patients. They are not allowed to do so in various states of US. The report also discusses the barriers that the nurses face in carrying out their duty. It is a reality that nurses are not given equal rights to practice their duty, and IOM and RWJF has joined hands and taken initiative to transform the nursing profession (Muehlbauer, 2012). The recommendation provided in this report is fair and just. The regulations of the state and its conflicts with APRNs must be resolved, so that the nurses can practice what they are trained to do during their education. If the nurses are trained to perform some task, which is a part of their course, then, they should be allowed to apply that part of the training in her professional life (Baljekar & Malet, 2014). Davis, S. P., Davis, D. D., & Williams, D. D. (2010). Challenges and Issues Facing the Future of Nursing Education: Implications for Ethnic Minority Faculty and Students. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 7 (4),

Ethics in Data and Web Mining

Ethics in Data and Web Mining Liliam Faraon What is the importance of ethics in Data Mining? We live in a time when the pursuit of knowledge is indispensable. From the transformations we have witnessed in the past years, we can acknowledge that information assumes a growing importance and a requirement for any sector of human activity. Some authors say that 90% of all data in the world has been generated over the last two years, and more and more devices will be connected to the internet generating data that can be used by companies to predict patterns of consumption and increase specific sales. The article: 17 Internet of Things Facts Everyone Should Read published by Forbes in October, 2015, brings us an idea of some numbers and the potential market that is available to be exploit: Nowadays there are more objects connected to the internet than people; By the year of 2020 around 250.000 vehicles will be connected to the internet, (saving time spend in traffic, fuel, improving the performance and protecting the environment and generating data); The global wearable device market has grown 223% only in 2015 specially by the launching of Fitbit ® and Apple Watches; Internet of Things will add $10 to $15 trillion to global GDP by 2036; But looking at all the facts some questions are raised, such as: how the data we produce is managed and stored? How is it perceived? How businesses are taking advantage from all the that information? And finally, how do we protect our own data and make sure is not being used without consent? Thats where web mining poses a threat to ethical values, such as individuality and privacy. Improvements in IT and storage capacity has enabled companies to develop tools for data collection through many channels. There are a variety of ways individuals generate data, such as: ATM visits, bar-code readers, biometric devices, credit and debit card transactions, loyalty clubs, medical records, online shopping, rentals, scanners, subscriptions, website browsing and use of many Smart devices available. As a result, there is an exponential growth of the amount of data stored and available to be explored. This generation of data brought the need of new techniques and technologies that can analyse and convert all this information into useful knowledge and Data Mining becomes a very powerful resource. When all these data are merged and mined, they can infer a persons associations, credit information, health, income, political interests and tastes. Liu defines data mining as The process of discovering useful patterns or knowledge from data sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The patterns must be valid, potentially useful and understandable. (Liu, 2011, p. 6). Data mining based on algorithms are very automated and analytical tools and its use is rapidly increasing. By combining databases, information visualisation, machine learning, mathematical modelling, pattern recognition, statistics and more recently artificial intelligence, very large and complex datasets can be analysed and relationships, patterns, outliers and trends can be revealed. Figure 1: Data Mining         Ã‚   Raw data itself is not useful at all, but the information that can be extracted from the data is where the real value seats. We have endless amounts of data being produced and stored, it makes sense companies and governments have the desire to analyse all this data to uncover patterns potentially useful hidden in there. Data Mining process is basically categorised into two classes: Descriptive: describes the general properties of information stored in a database Predictive: draws inferences from the data in order to make predictions. Witten emphasises: Data Mining is about solving problems by analysing data already present in databases (Witten, 2013, p. 4). Decision makers desire the right answers for broad questions and obviously, the more data gathered the more questions raised. Which customers are likely to respond in a positive way to a marketing campaign? What products will have more success when launched? What is the best price range for a new product? How do the competitors tend to react? The response for those questions cannot be reached based on feelings or intuition, they can be answered by analysing customers behaviour and profile using data mining tools. By collecting and summarizing and making use of data mining companies and organisations can identify insights and obtain competitive advantage, recognize potential competitors, improve customer service relationship, target customer expectations and needs. It also has important uses in social business and science, most recently Government Agencies are using Data and Web mining applications to uncover criminal activities such as terrorist threats. There are many Data Mining tools are available in the market nowadays, each one with its particularities, the most common are KNIME, NLTK, Orange, RapidMiner (formerly known as YALE), R-Programming and WEKA . Ethics must be a condition of the world, like logic. Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951. Giant social media such as LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter hold billions of users data, keeping these data protect and as a secret is a big concern. When an individual creates an account on any of those social media channels a policy agreement is accepted, and it is basically data related. Data Mining analysts use people personal information collected by organisations all over the world through many different technologies and use them especially for prediction analysis, but practitioners must be very careful when analysing patterns, certain kinds of discrimination are not only unethical but also illegal, gender, religion, race and certain sensitive information is totally unacceptable, in the other hand, anonymizing data is very difficult, for example, over 85% of Americans can be identified from publicity available records using just three pieces of information: zip code, birth date and sex (Witten, 2013, p.33). When a person shops for a product online, the company has access to customers address, credit card, name, phone number and other information in their database. But how does the company encrypts the information and protects it from misuse or security breach is and ethical and legal issue. Some matters are also raised: Is it ethical and legal to use the users information for publicity purposes? How can users protect their right of privacy? Where does the right of a company meets the ethics when sharing its data with another company to comprehend and understand customers and increase profit by selling this information to third party companies is a very important matter and it must be carefully discussed. There is a thin line between of a persons privacy and companys right to use it. When a person provides personal information, he or she needs to know how and what it will be used and a few steps must be taken to guarantee confidentiality and integrity. The use of data particularly data about people for data mining has serious ethical implications and practitioners of data mining techniques must act responsibly by making themselves aware of the ethical issues that surround their particular application. (Witten, 2013, p. 33). There is a growing concern regarding to the use of private and sensitive information and the ethical issues of Data Mining must be analysed and understood both from the business and the personal point of view. From a personal point of view, by Data Mining execution respecting consent, privacy and regulations customers might appreciate the fact they are being target with more personalized offers based on circumstances and needs and in return they may be willing to provide more specific data about themselves. From a business point of view by respecting the privacy issues companies will save resources as they will be able to target very specific customers for certain products. It is obvious that as any other powerful technology there are negative consequences of Data Mining, some results can ineffective, misdirected or unregulated, but if used correctly it can be very resourceful. Some points are very important and organizations making use of data mining techniques should give a thought about them when the use of personal data is planned: Connectivity and data sharing All the users and people that give consent are connected through the internet and share data Security is essential Once all the information traffics through databases, companies worry about the security and privacy, that way all the data will be encrypted, the web services will be hosted in a server with a certificate installed and authentication user The importance of Privacy Policy Privacy Policy is a legal statement and regulates the privacy policy related to users personal data which is under companies responsibility Infrastructure The process will not function without an application to analyse, interpret, read and draw patterns from the data Account management: Gathering and leveraging Account Management has all the information gathered and leveraged, and elaborate can advertising campaigns. It plays an important role in the profitability of the company Information could be released without the consent of the person, it becomes an ethical dilemma, because sometimes the users are unaware of the information gathered and that is being used by companies. It is very important to highlight that the person has the right to know how it will be used and should be able to have the opportunity to consent or not the collection and use. And also when a person becomes part of a group profile and used as a decision making basis, the individuality is threatened, people cannot be judged only as group members, but also as an individual, able to make its own decisions. It is likely that in the next few years an inspection of ethical issues and legal implications will be further required, legislation of digital privacy will be developed and laws will enter force, confidentiality and privacy preservation should be the main points of concern. Unauthorised extraction of data will be considered a crime and companies must be ready for that. Data Mining algorithms are very important and powerful tools for analysis and predictions, they are expected to become more and more significant in the future, decision based on data will change the way companies base their processes, of course there are no 100% guarantee that they will succeed, but, are more likely to be successful than decisions based on feelings or gut. Once patterns are revealed profiles can be drown and stereotypes can be used for crime prevention, commercial proposes, marketing campaigns, policies development and many others. Meanwhile Data Mining ethical issues need to be raised and awareness increased, as the world continues to develop, more and more data is likely to be collected and the Data Mining processes will become more sophisticated. People will need to get a clearer idea of privacy and companies will have to become more transparent on its processes of collect, gather and use of data. Cook, Jack (2005). Ethics of data mining. Available at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443context=article Ethics in Computing. Available at: https://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/privacy/mining/study.php [Accessed: 02 March 2017]. Fule, Peter. Detecting Privacy and Ethical Sensitivity in Data Mining Results. Available at: http://crpit.com/confpapers/CRPITV26Fule.pdf Liu, Bing. (2011). Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Contents, and Usage Data, Springer MARR, Bernard.17 Internet Of Things Facts Everyone Should Read (2015). Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2015/10/27/17-mind-blowing-internet-of-things-facts-everyone-should-read/#5e463ad01a7a [Accessed: 01 March 2017]. Wahlstrom, Kirsten (2006). On the Ethical and Legal Implications of Data Mining. Available at: https://csem.flinders.edu.au/research/techreps/SIE06001.pdf Witten, Ian H (2013). Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann. Zhen, Ethical issues in Web Data Mining. Available at:http://blog.nus.edu.sg/group208/2012/11/25/ethical-issues-in-web-data-mining/ [Accessed: 01 March 2017].

We All Have the Right To Life! :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

We All Have the Right To Life! Life is a right held by all creatures on the universe, everything has life; however, everything also has it's own character or individuality. Every person is his or her own self and does what he or she wishes to do to a certain extent. Many people are opposed to an individuals decision on life they should realize that in America people have the freedom to do what they want. In Roman times, abortion ans the destruction of unwanted children was permissible, however civilization's aged and now there is a huge controversy about who chooses. In the 1970's the Roe v. Wade was tried in the U.S. Supreme Court. 'Jane Roe' took the District Attorney of Dallas county to the Supreme Court because she wanted an abortion and was not legally permitted to have one where she lived. She could not afford to travel elsewhere to have it "preformed" so she went to court. On January 22, 1973 the Supreme Court said that it was legal for any woman to have an abortion and terminate her pregnancy at any given time. The Roman Catholic Church has said that abortion is murder and violates all terms of human morality. My personal opinion lays between that of the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Court. I believe that a woman should have the right to an abortion only if she was raped and can not afford to have the child, or if she does not know who the father is. If the woman just want's to have an abortion for no reason, believes that the baby will be born with a handicap, or will be born with a disease, life threatening or not the abortion should not be permitted to take place. Within the past year President Clinton has vetoed a bill that will outlaw "partial birth abortions," I strongly oppose his decision and believe that he should have outlawed them. In New Jersey, there is an assemblywoman writing a bill that would outlaw them in New Jersey and fine each party involved twenty-five thousand dollars. Assisted suicide has also been a controversial topic concerning the right to life. I believe that everyone should come to accept the fact that people have

Benefits of Hosting Major Sporting Events Essay

1. When bidding to host an international sporting event, there is always the possibility that revenue will not exceed expenses. How would you respond to a local group that would rather have the city’s money spent on social programs? When a city is preparing a bid to host an international sporting event, some parts of the community will argue that the taxpayer’s money should be invested into social programs that will benefit the community, rather than into sporting events. It is a valid argument that hosting an international sporting event can have a substantial financial impact on a city. An example of this is the great debt incurred by Montreal when they hosted the 1976 Olympic Games (p.89 Thoma and Chalip). It could be argued that the huge amounts of money that were spent on building new stadiums or arenas, and modernising existing infrastructure, may have been better spent on education, health care or subsidised housing. While there is some merit to the above argument, bidding and hopefully hosting an international sporting event can bring significant benefits to a city. The following are a range of benefits that can be presented to the local community: i. A significant international sporting event should not be viewed as a single event in isolation. The event should be considered as part of a broader calendar of events offered by the city and the direct positive impact to the economy that this derives. An example of this is the calendar of events that Melbourne and the state of Victoria hold. Events held include the Formula One Grand Prix, UCI Track Cycling World Championships and FINA World Swimming Championships. These and other major sporting events contributed  to over AU$1 billion to the Victorian economy (dpcd.vic.gov.au/sport/major-events). The success of hosting an international sporting event can further support the host city’s claim as being an attractive destination to hold other major sporting events. ii. Second, the successful bid can lead to a number of approaches to urban regeneration, which can ultimately benefit the host ci ty’s population. Tallon (p.5 urban regeneration in the UK) defined four approaches of urban regeneration: a. Economic – an international sporting event can enhance the employment opportunities in the short- and long-term, increase labour supply and increase economic activity. b. Social/Cultural: the international sporting event can instil a sense of national pride, strengthen values and tradition of the host city and increase the level of interest and participation in the activity associated with the event. c. Physical/Environmental: in the event of a successful bid, the host city can invest in constructing new facilities, improving existing facilities and promoting environmental or ‘greener’ sporting initiatives that can benefit the community in the future. d. Governance: the event will allow the engagement of the local community and the involvement of other groups, and for the host city’s government to review their administration and public policy (p.67 Sports Marketing M elissa Jane). Having the opportunity to host an international sporting event, can allow the host city to revitalise itself through urban regeneration. As a consequence of this regeneration, the host city has the potential to become more efficient and effective, and be able to provide further support and resources where needed. iii. Third, a strong vision in promoting the host city and the region for the international sporting event can attract visitors from other regions of the country and from overseas. This gives the host city the opportunity to showcase itself to the across the globe. This can have a positive economic impact during the event as a result of the influx of visitors and afterwards through the generation of new tourism markets (Cooper, Contemporary Tourism, p.169). The promotion of the host city can also achieve a greater awareness of the community in the wider sporting and tourism spheres. iv. Lastly, the improved infrastructure can enable the city to host further sporting events a nd serve the community for many years. The creation of an improved image, the attraction of economic development and the increase in civic pride  (Urban Tourism, Law p.149) has the potential to create a lasting legacy for the host city. An international sporting event has the potential to create an image that can potentially provide the host city with new levels of global recognition and opportunities for economic, political and social development (Pellergrino and Hancock p.2 2010 Deloitte). Although there is a valid argument for a city to invest into social programs that may benefit the local community, the points presented to the local group can hopefully allay those fears that the city is wasting the taxpayer’s money bidding to host an international sporting event. The event itself can be viewed as a part of a broader calendar of events, the community can benefit from the urban regeneration of the city, promotion of the international sporting event and the city can attract visitors from all over, and the event can leave the host city with a positive lasting legacy. 3. Explain how the Americans deal with China with respect to the defection of tennis player Hu Na from the Peoples Republic of China. Over many years, we have witnessed the entanglement of politics and sport. From the boycotting of international sporting events, such as the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games where the United States and many other Western countries refused to participate due to Russia’s invasion of Afghanistan; protests from individuals like Arash Miresmaili of Iran who sympathised with the oppression of Palestinians (p398 comparative politics Hauss) and refused to compete against Ehud Vaks of Israel; and the expulsion of South Africa from many international events due to apartheid that was prevalent in the country. Another occurrence of politics interfering with sport is evident in the ‘Hu Na Incident’, which as Pendleton (p.13) pointed out was a two-way interaction between sport and diplomacy, resulting in decisions being made at the highest political levels. The ‘Hu Na Incident’ started in July 1982, where Hu Na disappeared from her hotel room whilst touring with a Chinese government sponsored tennis team. Days later, papers were filed with the Immigration and Naturalisation Service requesting political asylum on the grounds that Hu Na had been pressured and persecuted by the Communist Party of China. Hu Na was a rising tennis star in China. She won several tournaments, including the National Sparetime Schools Tournament in 1975, the National Junior Singles crown in 1978 and the National Singles title in 1981. Her success was not just limited to China, she also won the doubles (in 1981) and singles (in  1982) titles at the Casablanca Cup held in Mexico. Initially, the United States had announced that any decision in regards to Hu Na would be based upon the advisory opinion of the State Department. Members of the United States Congress also urged the State Department to grant Hu Na’s request for political asylum. This announcement provoked an immediate diplomatic crisis (p.190 women, sport and society). Upon hearing this, a Chinese spokesperson for the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated that China would hold the United States responsible for Hu Na’s safe return and that such an incident would harm the cultural exchanges between the two countries (Pendleton 14). The Pro-China newspaper Wen Wei Po also argued that Hu Na’s visit to the United States was in accordance with the Sino-America agreement. Thus, the United States government had a duty of care for her safety, regardless of whether the invitation came form a governmental or non-governmental organisation (Pendleton 14). In April 1983, after almost ten months, the decision to grant Hu Na political asylum was finally made by the State Department. At the time, Arthur P. Brill of the United States Justice Depa rtment, released the following statement (Pendleton 15): Hu Na has been granted asylum under the Refugee Act of 1980, which provides asylum in cases where the applicant establishes a well-founded fear of persecution, due to their race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a special social group. The decision drew support from several quarters in the United States, most notably that of then United States President, Ronald Reagan. After the United States had granted political asylum to Hu Na, Beijing reacted sharply claiming that the decision to grant asylum to Hu Na had been immoral and a grave incident harming relations between the two countries (Nafziger and Wei p.135 Pandektis). The decision was also described as ‘a grave political incident long premeditated and deliberately created by the United States’ (Pendleton p.16). As a result of this decision, Ding Gu, the Director of the Bureau for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries of the Ministry of Culture, cancelled nine bilateral exchanges that inclu ded art exhibitions, performing arts group tours and a film festival. After citing that the United States could not guarantee the safety of its participants, the All-China Sports Federation announced it would also withdraw from ten international events that were to be held  within the United States. China further threatened to retaliate against future incidents, and that it would ‘never for the sake of relations with the United States, abandon its principled stand of safeguarding its state sovereignty and national dignity’ (p27 Chinese Security Robert Ross). During all this posturing by China, the United States demonstrated its resolve by refusing to send Hu Na back to China and granting her political asylum. Ronald Reagan’s administration publicly affirmed that the United States policy would remain constant whether Beijing decided to retaliate or not, or threatened to downgrade relations by withdrawing its ambassador from Washington, or some other action (p86 US-Chinese Relations Sutter). Beijing had clearly miscalculated when it thought it could threaten the United States on this issue, considering this was the period that the Sino-America relations had become normalised. It was a clear win for United States foreign policy, as they were prepared to reject any unreasonable Chinese demands, whilst seeking to improve relations with them.

How To Find A Job In Another State

How To Find A Job In Another State Looking to relocate? Whether you’re in a rut, or moving for personal reasons, or just plain need a change, it is possible to find a job in another state before you even move there. The most important thing is to try and establish and start building a network, however small, of local contacts on the ground in your new area.  Here are a few strategic tips for landing a job in a new place.Start building your network online.Use LinkedIn to begin creating a community in your new locale. Start reaching out to people in companies and fields wherein you might like to work in your new location. Join Meetups or large locally-based groups in that area to keep an eye on what is going on. Take advantage of your college or university’s alumni association and mine it for local contacts or people in your industry that might be able to connect you locally.Pretend you’re already thereThis doesn’t have to involve any dishonesty- particularly not if you are actually plannin g to move. Don’t put your old address on any of your materials. If you have a friend in that area, use their address temporarily. If you don’t, set yourself up with a local address using a service like Mailboxes, Etc. that will forward your mail to you and won’t be as obvious as a P.O. box.Network in person.Take advantage of any travel to the area by attending any Meetups or events that would be relevant to your search. Pop into companies and shake hands. Get a sense of neighborhoods you might like to live in; this is a great way to start conversations with potential contacts. Use sites like Zoominfo to try and get contact information for managers in companies you’re keen to work for and see if you can score an informational interview or two.Think through the logistics.Figure out what your tax liabilities will be in the new area- this can affect your compensation bottom line. What is the cost of living? What is the salary spread for your industry and posi tion? What salary range will you have to ask for in order to maintain your current quality of life, given discrepancies in what things cost and what people like you make in the new location. Make sure you have a good sense of what relocation would cost you- and be prepared to pay it out of pocket.Make your mission clear.When you’re writing your cover letter, make it clear that you are moving, not just that you would move. Make it clear that you’re doing this regardless of the outcome of this particular application. If you can, put a date on it. If you’re using a friend’s address, say that you’re temporarily staying with that person while you finalize your job search. That tips employers off that you’re serious and already settling in. Also that they won’t have to pay relocation expenses. (Don’t give up the possibility of this off-hand, but if you want the move or the job enough, be prepared to move yourself.)When writing your c over letter, the important thing is to convince your employer that this move is part of your long-term plan. Show them that this job isn’t the only reason, but that it’s also not some stop-gap leapfrog situation just to get you in the area.

Bus 272 Ch 8 Essay

Bus 272 Ch 8 Essay Bus 272 Ch 8 Essay 8 Team Dynamics 1 Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa What are Teams? Groups of two or more people Exist to fulfill a purpose Interdependent interact and influence each other Mutually accountable for achieving common goals Perceive themselves to be a team Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa 2 Many Types of Teams Permanence How long that type of team usually exists Skill differentiation Degree of skill/knowledge diversity in the team Authority differentiation Degree that decision-making responsibility is distributed throughout the team or centralized Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa 3 Informal Groups Groups that exist primarily for the benefit of their members Reasons why informal groups exist: 1. Innate drive to bond 2. Social identity 3. Goal accomplishment 4. Emotional support Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa 4 Team Advantages/Challenges Advantages 1. Make better decisions, products/services 2. Better information sharing 3. Increase employee motivation/engagement Challenges 1. Process losses 2. Brook’s Law 3. Social loafing Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa 5 Team Effectiveness Model Team States Norms Organizational and Team Environment Rewards Communication Org structure Org leadership Physical space Cohesion Team Efficacy Team Trust Team Design Accomplish tasks Task characteristics Satisfy member needs Team size Team composition Team Processes Team development Team norms Team cohesiveness Team trust Time and Team Development Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa Team Effectiveness 6 Maintain team survival Organization/Team Environment Organizational and Team Environment Rewards Communication Org structure Org leadership Physical space Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa 7 Best Tasks for Teams Complex tasks divisible into specialized roles 2. Well-structured tasks – easier to coordinate 3. Higher task interdependence 1. Team members must share materials, information, or expertise to perform their jobs Teams are usually better because high interdependence But teams less effective if task goals differ – use other coordinating mechanisms Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa 8 Best Tasks for Teams Team Design Task characteristics Team size Team composition Teams better for tasks that are: sufficiently complex (require teamwork) can be divided into more specialized roles requiring frequent coordination well-structured (easier to coordinate) Teams preferred with higher task interdependence Extent that employees need to share materials, information, or expertise to perform their jobs. Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa 9 Team Design Levels of Task Interdependence Task characteristics Team size Team composition High A Reciprocal B A Sequential B C Resource Pooled A Low Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa C 10 B C Team Design Team Size Task characteristics Team size Team composition Smaller teams are better because: less process loss more engaged with team get to know each other feel more responsible for team’s success But team must be large enough to accomplish task Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa 11 Team TeamDesign Design Team Composition Task characteristics Team size Team composition Effective team members must be willing and able to work on the team Effective team members possess specific competencies (5 C’s in diagram) Canadian OB 9e: McShane/Steen/Tasa Conflict Resolving Diagnose conflict sources Use best conflicthandling strategy Team Member Competencies Comforting Show empathy Provide psych comfort Build confidence 12 Coordinating Align work with others Keep team on track Communicating Share information freely, efficiently, respectfully Listen actively Team Composition: Diversity Team Design Task characteristics Team size Team composition Team members have diverse knowledge, skills, perspectives, values, etc. Advantages

Contextual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contextual analysis - Essay Example The sound of water saturates the entire film as well as its soundtrack. Incidentally, the delicate sound of bath water that softly drips from a visibly long, wet hair could only be comparable to the waterfalls at Niagara (Gopnik 2). The story winds in and out in a manner likened to the temporal Mobius strip. The film is generally about two women. One woman is relative young and eager whereas the other one is older and reserved. The two women are ostensibly going about their day-to-day routine and activities. Incidentally, the visitor is pondering just in case the two women are really one. Thesis Statement: While the artist has effectively used the audio-video platform to underscore the lives and attributes of two women characters that are at different stages of their lives, I believe that the representation of water is satisfactory evidence to prove that the two women are the same though portrayed in different parts or stages of their lives. The artist has effectively intertwined the lives and daily routines of the two women in a way that suggests their past successfully shaped their present. In the same way, the experience alongside currents of time shaped their past. In essence, remembering is evidently a creative way since it is obviously difficult to recall that past completely (Connors 4). Apart from the theme of water, Tan’s film also reflects the aspects of isolation, dislocation and loss. The double projection employed by the artist display the older woman reminiscing about her youthful life. The film moves back and forth in attempt to show life in the past and present. Commissioned by Vancouver Art gallery, the film simultaneously displays the video recording of flowing water (Connors 4). The flow of water apparently dominates the film and soundtrack thereby giving an impression of the memory flow and time. It is imperative to emphasize that the two women are at different stages of their lives. Figure 1 Figure 2 While the younger woman is still eager and ambitious to accomplish many of her dreams in life, the older one could only recollect the good moments and difficulties of her young life. Life to the young woman is vast with opportunities and aspirations bother in the short term and long term (Piturro 10). The piece demonstrates the kinds of historical, social, cultural relationships that human beings carry within themselves as they progress in life from childhood to adulthood and finally old age. The older woman is reticent, a sign that she perhaps feel content with the various achievements she has made in life. She credibly thinks it is time to reflect on the successes and disappointments of life because the strength and vigor is long gone (Piturro 10). In contrast, the young woman has numerous ambitions she intends to achieve in the near future. Furthermore, she evidently has the power, strength, vigor and determination to realize her dreams. The movie Rise and Fall examines the retrospective gaze along with its rela tionship to several images that people carry that are reflective of their social, cultural and historical dynamism. It is clearly intricate to tell whether the two women in fact represent a single woman at different points in life (Connors 4). What is very logical in the video is that their ages are contrasting. However, Tan lets the viewers acquire adequate account of their daily rituals. For

African history- railway strike in west French Africa Essay

African history- railway strike in west French Africa - Essay Example African nations have a dynamic history in the events of their colonial periods. Respective nations in Africa were under the rule of diverse colonialist nations. For instance, most of the West African nations were colonized by France. In most cases, the colonial regimes had predetermined capitalist interests. Therefore, they exploited Africans for cheap access of resources. West African was under the colonial regime of France. The colonial period in this region had significant historical events that defined the conflicting relationship amongst the French colonialists and the African natives. These significant events were documented by diverse scholars. Ousmane Sembene and Frederick Cooper were key writers that recorded the colonial events in West Africa. Sembene’s and Cooper’s literal productions have both similarities and differences. Similarities As denoted previously, the literal productions by Sembene and Cooper possess significant similarities. These documents are s imilar through their exploration of conflict and disharmonious interests of the French colonialists and the West Africa natives. Sembene produced his literal record of the colonial events in the form of a novel. He therefore inserts fictional characters and settings of the factual event in the colonial periods of West Africa. Through his text, Sembene explores the major conflict between the colonialists and the West African natives in diverse ways. Sembene defines the ramifications of a previous strike through the flashback of the character Naikoro1. She grieves in pain upon the consideration of her loss of her husband and the disappearance of her son. This flashback by old Naikoro portrays a heated conflict and antagonism that existed between the colonialists and the West African natives2. It is therefore evident that the native Africans had perceived the need for freedom long before the railway strike in 1947. They had premeditated the move of a strike in reference to the existent conflict with the interests of the French regime. In the event of the flashback, Naikoro becomes agitated by Bakayoko’s step-daughter. She had spoken French and Naikoro was irritated by this fact3. This tendency demonstrated by the character represented the resentment that native Africans had against the French regime. Cooper also demonstrated the conflict amongst the larger groups of West African natives and the French colonialists. Cooper produced an analysis of the events in colonial and post-colonial West Africa. His literal record of the events is factual and non-fictional. This article gives a comprehensive account and analysis of the events of the railway strike. It also factors in the eventualities of the railway strike in 1947. Cooper defines the strike as a result of the strong integration amongst the African communities4. The railway strike lasted for approximately five months and it was planned from the community level amongst the West African natives. This artic le therefore defines the West African communities as cohesive for the purpose of freedom attainment. Members of diverse communities reached a concrete agreement of paralyzing the railway operations. Therefore, this is an evident reflection of conflict and antagonism amongst the African natives and the French regime. The conflict is defined through the premeditation of West African communities to launch a railway strike in the quest for equality and freedom5. Sembene and Cooper present a growing trend of the rivalry between the French colonialists and the West African natives. They are in a conflict that tends to grow in the progression of time. This is a tendency that is described by both writers within their

Individual portfolio- pebble Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual portfolio- pebble - Essay Example l with responsibility for allocation of duties to her team, ensuring correct food service, ensuring reasonable waiting times for food, and handling food complaints. Jiawen Zhu, as front house manager, was tasked with allocating roles to members of her team and ensuring availability of staff to receive guests. Chandra was chosen as kitchen manager with responsibilities to oversee kitchen team, allocate their responsibilities, ensure correct delivery of dishes, and enhance communication between chefs and the team. Finally, Gerel Bold was chosen as setting/clearing up manager with the responsibility of ensuring tables were correctly laid, allocation of duties to team members, and ensuring timely setting up and clearing up. For this event, a British summer theme was chosen. The British summer is unique because the sun sets later than usual in the evening after clocks are set back by one hour. The event will take into account the perception of the British summer, as consisting of two fine days and a thunderstorm (Eden 2008, p. 1). This theme will seek to show the colour, fun, and sun that are associated with summer, which will be reflected via the design and dà ©cor of the event, as well as the drink and food. Three courses will be presented as part of the meal menu, aiming to reflect the fun atmosphere through fun packaging. The idea of a British summer will be represented using red/blue/silver runners as representative of the British flag, while a colourful flower bouquet will be reminiscent of the summer season. The customers targeted for this event are university students and staff. This customer base is well educated and considers specific information regarding cooking methods. Thus, members of the staff will be required to know about the food and beverages offered in order to offer advice and answer questions by the customer, improving customer service. This customer base will also be seeking to satisfy specific needs other than dining, which may be related to

The police on Black Friday Essay Example for Free

The police on Black Friday Essay How far do sources 11 and 12 challenge the view presented in source 10 about the conduct of the police on Black Friday? Emily Davison was a woman who fought for womans suffrage in the late 1800s and early 1900s. She died on the 8th of June, 1913 after she ran in front of King George Vs horse Anmer at the Epsom Derby on 4 June 1913. Some people believe that this event caused a major breakthrough in later womens suffrage. Firstly, source 10, (The Times Newspaper) shows a rather negative view on Emily Davisons actions. For example, the newspaper instantly assumes that the desperate act of Davison was achieved only to spoil the race. The Times wrote this because they were a very right winged paper and did not completely support womens suffrage and gender equality. On the other hand, if the Davison was a man, the newspaper would not be so quick to assume that his actions were for a good cause and would probably be more sympathetic for his injuries. Within the same article Davison is described as an offender. This was most likely due to the fact that when this article was written, Davison had not yet died from her injuries. Therefore, The Times and the majority of its readers would not have much sympathy to her, but instead would see her as merely a nuisance. When compared, source 10 and 12 share a rather contrasting idea on the doings of Emily Davison considering both the articles are written by The Times. In source 10 Davison is described as desperate and as an offender. However, 10 days later (after the death of Davison), the tone of the newspaper completely changes, (source 12). Instead of being insulted and described negatively, Davisons actions are described as heroic. This change in view was purposely done due to the fact that Davison had recently died and many people saw her death as an important issue; The Times had to keep their readers happy and show sympathy for such a sacrifice. Source 11 pretty much displays a complete opposite view of Emily Davisons death compared to source 10. This is because Christabel Pankhurst was a fellow campaigner for womans suffrage in the Womens Social and Political  Union, (source 11 is an extract from Pankhursts autobiography, Unshackled). Pankhurst gives a much more positive and most likely biased view on the actions of Davison. For example, Pankhurst makes it seem as if Davison was the whole reason why women were seen as earnest for the vote. She also states that Davisons death brought the concentrated attention of millions to bear upon the cause. These two points were likely to be exaggerated as there was a good chance that Davison and Pankhurst were close because they both fought for the same cause. In contrast to source 11, source 10 states that Davisons deed is not likely to increase the popularity of any cause within the general public. This is pretty much the exact opposite of what Pankhurst was implying in her autobiography which makes it clear that source 11 and 10 both challenge one another highly with two slightly biased and altered stories of Emily Davisons protest. Overall, Emily Davisons death obviously had quite a large impact on womens suffrage within the UK as the vote was given to women in 1918 5 years after her death.

Health Care Essay -- Papers Insurance Work Essays

Health Care Abstract "Health Care", This is becoming more important in today's world of corporate streamlining, downsizing, and increased health care costs. A compensation package for the employees of today is more valuable than it has ever been. The average employee no longer is just concerned with the wages or salary they receive, their attention has been drawn to the overall compensation package. As health care costs rise the importance of an enrollment in a health care plan grows. Health care will continue to be an important factor for employees as long as costs continue to grow. I. Health Care. Starting from the time a person leaves their parents and as they enter the workforce and continue through life healthcare is an issue. Security is a basic human need and health care is one of the biggest parts of that security. It is important to know if one becomes ill or injured that treatment is readily available to them. This includes not only the employee but also the employee's family and or life partner. Health care here in the United States is not socialized and therefore is provided through the purchase of health care plans entirely by the employer or with co-payments from the employees. A. Providing health care programs is not always a guaranteed part of a compensation package when employed. Depending on the organization and its total compensation package health care may or may not be included. The organization may chose to provide the health care to the employees free of charge or they may be required to contribute a significant amount each month. 1. An employer designs compensation packages to attract qualified employees who have the knowl... ...f the organization a viable health care plan is necessary. To ensure plans are within an acceptable expense it is necessary to educate employees in preventive health care measures. Healthy employees make for less expenditures of plans and more productivity. Reviewing the facts and reports it is clear that health plans are a necessity rather than a nicety to help the organization meet its goals. References: Compensation Management in a Knowledge-Based World, (2000). By Richard I. Henderson. Henry Holt and Company Inc., (1999). "Forbidden Love" by Gary B. Nash http://www.ebri.org/ http://www.ifeb.org/icnewind.html http://www.nbch.org/ http://www.healthgrades.com http://www.presbyterian.org/employers.html http://www.healthcareresource.net/healthplan.html http://www.ftp.bls.gov/publ/news.release/hce.txt

Comparing Emersons Self-Reliance and Dunbars We Wear the Mask :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing Emerson's Self-Reliance and Dunbar's We Wear the Mask      In Self-Reliance, Ralph Waldo Emerson condemns false appearances. Paul Laurence Dunbar's We Wear the Mask also supports this belief. However, there is a difference in the views of these two works. Emerson believes that people can shed their false social appearances and live a life true to themselves and others. Conversely, Dunbar thinks these pretenses are necessary. The authors' word choices and images support this argument. Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self-Reliance" expresses his striving for individuality, rebellion against authority, and rejection of false social appearances. This is shown through his non-conformist writing style and ideas. On page 1034, Emerson states "Society is a joint-stock company in which the members agree for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater." To me, this image is of people giving up what they believe so they can protect themselves. "Securing" is making something safe or free from risk of loss, so "securing of his bread" could symbolize a person protecting their feelings or place in society. The price for this is "to surrender the liberty and culture." So, in order to protect themselves people must surrender or give up their liberty (freedom) and culture (beliefs).    Emerson also states that "virtues are penances...Their works are done as an apology or extenuation of their living in the world"(p. 1035). Virtue is righteousness while a penance is an act to show sorrow for a wrongdoing. "Works" refer to chores or efforts at righteousness. "Apology" means regret and "extenuate" can mean to cover up. "Living in the world" could be symbolic of the lying and deceit that people do in everyday life. Therefore, people labor to appear righteous in order to make up for, or cover up, the bad things that they do.    On page 1036 Emerson says, "We come to wear one cut of face and figure." This sounds symbolically like putting on a mask or false appearance. Later, on the same page, Emerson talks about "the forced smile which we put on in company." "Forced" means to strain or produce with effort. Consequently, this "smile" we put on in public is not easily shown, as true emotions would be, but produced difficultly as if it was fake or not true.    Emerson does not subscribe to this outward falseness or the desire to appear righteous. Comparing Emerson's Self-Reliance and Dunbar's We Wear the Mask :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays Comparing Emerson's Self-Reliance and Dunbar's We Wear the Mask      In Self-Reliance, Ralph Waldo Emerson condemns false appearances. Paul Laurence Dunbar's We Wear the Mask also supports this belief. However, there is a difference in the views of these two works. Emerson believes that people can shed their false social appearances and live a life true to themselves and others. Conversely, Dunbar thinks these pretenses are necessary. The authors' word choices and images support this argument. Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self-Reliance" expresses his striving for individuality, rebellion against authority, and rejection of false social appearances. This is shown through his non-conformist writing style and ideas. On page 1034, Emerson states "Society is a joint-stock company in which the members agree for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater." To me, this image is of people giving up what they believe so they can protect themselves. "Securing" is making something safe or free from risk of loss, so "securing of his bread" could symbolize a person protecting their feelings or place in society. The price for this is "to surrender the liberty and culture." So, in order to protect themselves people must surrender or give up their liberty (freedom) and culture (beliefs).    Emerson also states that "virtues are penances...Their works are done as an apology or extenuation of their living in the world"(p. 1035). Virtue is righteousness while a penance is an act to show sorrow for a wrongdoing. "Works" refer to chores or efforts at righteousness. "Apology" means regret and "extenuate" can mean to cover up. "Living in the world" could be symbolic of the lying and deceit that people do in everyday life. Therefore, people labor to appear righteous in order to make up for, or cover up, the bad things that they do.    On page 1036 Emerson says, "We come to wear one cut of face and figure." This sounds symbolically like putting on a mask or false appearance. Later, on the same page, Emerson talks about "the forced smile which we put on in company." "Forced" means to strain or produce with effort. Consequently, this "smile" we put on in public is not easily shown, as true emotions would be, but produced difficultly as if it was fake or not true.    Emerson does not subscribe to this outward falseness or the desire to appear righteous.