President Musharraf’s Validity and Endorsements by Supreme Court

Written by: Afreen Baig Chronological record of events, that validates President Musharraf’s election as President and subsequent endorsements by Supreme Court http://presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/2009/02/01/musharraf-validity-by-supreme-court/ 1- On 13 May 2000, Pakistan’s 12 member Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted Musharraf executive and legislative authority for 3 years from the coup date. Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry was one of the judges that validated. (Link) 2- On 7 October 2002, the 5 member bench of Supreme Court validated LFO and amendments to constitution. Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry was one of the judges that validated. (Link) 3- On 29 Dec 2004, PML-Q government passed the 17th constitutional amendment bill in National Assembly, with 2/3 majority, also approved by Senate that allowed President Musharraf to hold dual offices. (Link) 4- Constitution of Pakistan – Article 63 clause (1) paragraph (d), read with proviso to Article 41 clause (7) paragraph (b), allows the President to hold dual office. 5- On 13 April 2005, the 5 member bench of Supreme Court gave judgment in favor of 17th amendment and President’s uniform. Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry was one of the judges that validated. (Link) 6- On 28 September 2007, the Supreme Court cleared the way for President Pervez Musharraf to seek another five-year term, and stand for Presidential elections, when six of the nine judges, rejected a tangle of petitions against him and threw out a major legal challenge to his re-election plans. Presided by Justice Rana Bhagwandas. (Link) 7- President Musharraf was elected President of Pakistan, on 6th October 2007, by a combined electoral of the Senate, National Assembly and the FOUR Provincial Assembles. – President of Pakistan declared emergency on 3rd November 2007, as per Article 232 of the constitution. 9- The 10 member bench of Supreme Court (SC) on 24 November 2007 directed the chief election commissioner and the government to declare Pervez Musharraf president for a second term. (Link) 10- On 24 November 2007, the Pakistan Election Commission confirmed Musharraf’s re-election as President. (L ink) 11- President Musharraf won by 58% votes, declared in November 2007, as the constitutional President of Pakistan! 2- On 28 November 2007, Musharraf relinquished the office of Chief of Armed Staff, as per November 2007 verdict of the Supreme Court. 13- On 15 Feb 2008, the Supreme Court validated the proclamation of emergency of 3rd Nov 2007, PCO 2007 and oath of the judges. This full court judgment was written by Chief Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar. (Link) These facts above raise serious questions regarding the credibility of those so-called political intellects and experts of judicial matters that appear on media talk shows, accusing President Musharraf of violating the constitution, thereby seeking to apply Article-6 on him. They do so, merely for publicity and self exposure, overlooking the role of the Judiciary all along and misguiding the public to zenith. They should know that the Parliament and the Supreme Court, has approved and endorsed every single decision taken by President Musharraf. President Musharraf – being the President of Pakistan was the rightful authority to sign amendments to the constitution, after being approved by the Senate. Article 270-AA of the constitution gives full protection to the 17th amendment and the 1999 coup, which cannot be called into question in any court of the country on any ground what-so-ever. The 17th amendment was approved by the National Assembly by 2/3 majority and made into law, as part of the constitution. Then, the Constitution (Amendment) Order, 1980, (P. O. No. 1 of 1980) section 2 clauses (3A), (3B) and (3C) give full protection and immunity to Martial Law Regulation made by the Chief Martial Law Administrators, any sentence passed by a Military Court or Tribunal, Chief Martial Law Administrator or a Martial Law Administrator or any person acting under the authority of either, and cannot be called into question in any court. Then, Article 248 clauses (1) (2) (3) (4) of the constitution, protects the President, and he shall not be answerable to any court for the exercise of powers and performance of functions of his respective office, no criminal proceedings whatsoever shall be instituted or continued against the President or a Governor in any court during his term of office and no process for the arrest or imprisonment of the President or a Governor shall issue from any court during his term of office. All of President Musharraf’s decisions were according to the constitution, approved by the supreme Parliament and endorsed by the Supreme Court. Despite these above mentioned facts and articles as per the constitution, if those prejudiced intellects and revenge seeking politicians, call to apply Article-6 on President Musharraf, then they should know the article in full. Article-6 clause (2): Any person aiding or abetting the acts mentioned in clause (1) shall likewise be guilty of high treason. Which clearly indicates – that the Supreme Court and the Parliament itself that approved and endorsed the events from 1999 till 2007 shall be held equally responsible, for abetting, if a case ever arises. Yet, as Article-6 itself is NOT a self governing article, that could decide and instigate itself automatically, hence Article-6 provides a clause, leaving it to the supreme Parliament to decide, if and whenever, such a case arises and is brought to the attention of the Parliament. Article-6 clause (3): [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] shall by law provide for the punishment of persons found guilty of high treason. Other than the supreme Parliament, no other institution can approve nor apply Article-6. Afreen Baig is an independent analyst majoring in International Relations and Economics. She can be reached at [email  protected] com (c) PRESIDENT MUSHARRAF http://presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/2009/02/01/musharraf-validity-by-supreme-court/

Programm

Programming exercises 1. Consider the following incomplete C++ program #include int main() { †¦. } a. Write a statement that include the header files fstream, string, and iomanip in this program. b. Write statements that declare inFile to be an ifstream variable and outFile to be an ofstream variable. c. The program will read data from the file inData. txt and write output to the file outData. txt. Write statements to open both of these files, associate inFile with inData. txt, and associate outFile with outData. txt. . Suppose that the file inData. txt contains the following data: 10. 20 5. 35 15. 6 Randy Gill 31 18500 3. 5 A The numbers in the first line represent the length and width, respectively, of a rectangle. The number in the second line represents the radius of a circle. The third line contains the first name, last name, and the age of a person. The first number in the fourth line is the savings account balance at the beginning of the month, and the second number is th e interest rate per year. (Assume thatp = 3. 1416. The fifth line contains an uppercase letter between A and Y (inclusive). Write statements so that after the program executes, the contents of the file outData. txt are as shown below. If necessary, declare additional variables. Your statements should be general enough so that if the content of the input file changes and the program is run again(without editing and recompiling), it outputs the appropriate results. Rectangle: Length = 10. 20, width = 5. 35, area = 54. 57, parameter = 31. 10 Circle: Radius = 15. 60, area = 764. 4, circumference = 98. 02 Name: Randy Gill, age: 31 Beginning balance = $18500. 00, interest rate = 3. 50 Balance at the end of the month = $18553. 96 The character that comes after A in the ASCII set is B e. Write statements that close the input and output files. f. Write a C++ program that tests the statements in parts a through e. 4. During each summer, John and Jessica grow vegetables in their back yard and buy seeds and fertilizer from a local nursery. The nursery carries different types of vegetable fertilizers in various bag sizes. When buying a particular fertilizer, they want to know the price of the fertilizer per pound and the cost of fertilizing per square foot. The following program prompts the user to enter the size of the fertilizer bag, in pounds, the cost of bag, and the area in square feet, that can be covered by the bag. The program should output the desired result. However, the program contains logical errors. Find and correct the logic errors so that the program works properly. // Logic Errors #include #include iomanip> using namespace std; int main() { double cost; double area; Double bagSize cout

Motivation and empowerment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Motivation and empowerment - Assignment Example Charlotte and the reactions of the employees to those demands because it argues that various employees needs should be recognized and varied rewards be given to them according to their individual needs (Daft 2011). The first option is that she be paid salary according to her level of production as stated by Taylor’s theory minus commissions. The second option is that she be paid on commission basis according to the sales she makes. The option I choose is that of commission basis minus salary because it will avoid complains by fellow employees as she will receive pay according to her hard work (Daft 2011). Mayo’s theory which states that pay alone does not satisfy employees but social needs such as treating employees in a humane and caring manner can be applied to boost the employees’ morale (Daft 2011). It is clear from the passage that the employees are demoralized and they need to be motivated by showing them how important they are so that they will not see as if Charlotte is given a royal treatment than them. Also Maslow and Herzberg theory that states that individual needs of employees should be recognized and rewarded accordingly be applied (Daft

Drug profile of pharmacology ( Naloxone ) Essay

Drug profile of pharmacology ( Naloxone ) - Essay Example They also reverse the effect of the exogenous and endogenous opioid receptors by creating perceptible of opioid withdrawal in the opioid dependent patients. The common Opioid antagonists are naloxone and nalmefene and naltrexone are competitive antagonists for the opioid receptors. Naloxone is used primarily for the patients suffering from respiratory depression. 2. Naloxone – An introduction: Chemical name: â€Å"(-)-17-Allyl-4, 5a-epoxy-3, 14-dihydroxymorphinan-6-one.† (Sinatra, Jahr and Watkins-Pitchford, 2010). Generic Name: Naloxone Trade names: â€Å"Naloxone hydrochloride Injection (DBL or CSL brands), Naloxone Min-I-Jet Suboxone (in combination with Buprenorphine), Targin (in combination with oxycodone).† (Sinatra, Jahr and Watkins-Pitchford, 2010). Other Names: â€Å"L-Naloxone , N- Allylnoroxymorphone, Nalossone, Naloxona, Naloxone HCl, Naloxonum.† (Sinatra, Jahr and Watkins-Pitchford, 2010). Similar Ligands of Naloxone: Nalmefene, naltrexone, (+ ) – Naloxone, Naloxonazine, nalbuphine, naltriben and naltrindole, naloxone benzoylhydrazone, TRK820, beta – FNA, etorphine, diprenorphine, buprenorphine, nor-binalto and BNTX .(Sinatra, Jahr and Watkins-Pitchford, 2010). ... It is mainly used for managing opiate dependence syndrome and respiratory depressions caused by overdose of Opioids. The paramedic indications are: 1. Antinarcotic agents. 2. Narcotic antagonists. 3. Depressants. 4. Opiate Antagonists. 5. Reverse sedations caused by Opioids. 6. Respiratory depressants in neonatal care. 3. Mechanism of Action: Naloxone reverses the effect of the opioid overdose. Naloxone competitively binds to the opioid receptors and replaces the opioid molecules. By doing so, it reverses the effect of the agonists such as heroin. Naloxone is competitive antagonists at the mu, kappa and delta receptors. They have 10 fold greater affinity for the mu receptors. (Harvey and Champe 2008). Naloxone does not have any effect on the normal individuals but they precipitate the withdrawal symptoms at the abuse users. Animal studies have suggested that Naloxone inhibits GABA release and stimulates the cholinergic activity. Similarly they do not reverse the effects of ethanol. N aloxone first increases the local blood flow. (Harvey and Champe 2008). Then the drug crosses the cellular membrane and increases the cellular metabolism. Finally it aids in cell repair. Fig 2: competition of Naloxone with the opioid agonists. (Harvey and Champe 2008). Pharmacology: Naloxone is a pure competitive antagonist for the mu receptors. Mu receptors are responsible for miosis, euphoria, feeding, sedation and respiratory depression. Naloxone binds to the competitive receptors such that their antagonists or partial antagonists or mixed agonist- antagonist binding without any independent action. (Flomenbaum et al. 2006). The pharmacokinetics of naloxone differs from the other antagonists. Some studies have also found that extreme low doses of naloxone (0.25 micrograms per

Child Abuse and Role of the Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Child Abuse and Role of the Family - Essay Example This paper discusses child abuse and role of the family in a concise and comprehensive way. As summarized by the World Health Organization (2002, online), "Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development, or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power." Child physical abuse involves a parent or caretaker intentionally inflicting physical pain on the child and can range, for example, from shaking, dragging, or spanking a child to the extremes of kicking, punching, or beating. Child sexual abuse involves a caretaker using a child for sexual gratification and can range from non-contact abuse (proposition, exhibition) to the extremes of actual penetration, to commercial sexual exploitation. Child emotional abuse involves inflicting psychological pain on the child (Child Trauma Academy, 2003). This includes, for example, yelling at, ridiculing, degrading, or humiliating a child; communicating that the child is flawed or unlovable; threatening a child or a child's loved one; exposure to domestic violence. Child neglect involves a caretaker's failure to provide for the child's basic needs. This includes physical neglect (adequate shelter, food, clothing), medical neglect (adequate health care), cognitive or educational neglect (intellectual stimulation, involvement in child's schooling), supervision neglect (monitoring the child's whereabouts, involvement in child's activities), and emotional neglect (providing emotional responsiveness, support, and affection). Prenatal neglect and abuse (failure to obtain proper care and/or substance abuse during pregnancy) constitutes yet another category of maltreatment (McLoyd, 1998). The consequences of child maltreatment are considerable, not only for the child, but also for society. Some consequences for the child are greater for one type of maltreatment than another. For example, child neglect is most strongly associated with the child having a lower IQ and lower educational achievement; child physical abuse with the child engaging in violence as a teen and adult; and, child emotional abuse with subsequent psychopathology. However, all forms of maltreatment are associated with adverse effects for children and the adults they become (Small, Luster, 1994). Child physical and emotional abuse and neglect all increase the likelihood that the child will subsequently: * - Be cognitively impaired (e.g., lower IQ and cognitive development; lower grades and

Diagnosis of United Parcel Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diagnosis of United Parcel Service - Essay Example 3). In line with this matter, managers and/or organizational leaders will have to brain-storm with the purpose of developing an intervention plan that will effectively solve a particular organizational problem. In the absence of conducting organizational diagnosis, business organizations are unlikely to be able to determine organizational problems which serve as a bottle-neck within the organizational functions. 1 Force Field Analysis (1951) is simple to understand and easy to use since the model enables diagnosticians to identify environmental factors that can either drives or restrain the organization from achieving its goals. By going through the process of identifying and eliminating the restraining factors, managers will be able to ensure that organizational goals remain attainable within the shortest possible time (Falleta, p . 5). Aside from complementing the SWOT analysis, the use of Force Field Analysis makes it easy for diagnosticians quantify the available resources and facilitators that can affect the organizational performance (Austrac e-learning). However, this model is limited in addressing factors related to business structure and human resources such as customs, habits, attitude among others (Austrac e-learning). 2 Just like the Force Field Analysis, Leavitt’s Model (1965) is also easy and simple to use. By identifying and analyzing the four factors known as: (1) organizational structure; (2) technology; (3) people; and (4) tasks, diagnosticians can easily determine factors that negatively affects the efficiency of the organizational flow. (Falleta, p. 6) The only difference between the Force Field Analysis and Leavitt’s Model is that Force Field Analysis focuses on analyzing environmental driving forces whereas Leavitt’s Model identifies internal variables. 3 Also similar to Force Field Analysis, the Open

How Helpful Is the Concept of Moral Panic in Understanding Recent Essay

How Helpful Is the Concept of Moral Panic in Understanding Recent Media Coverage of Muslims - Essay Example A critical analysis of the concept of moral panic The feelings generated from intense expression of an issue considered a social threat constitutes moral panic. The concept of moral panic is considered essential in enhancing processes of societal sensitization in moral issues. It also entails the creation of awareness in regards to challenges that threaten social order, as well as the acceptable virtues in the society, and are caused by deviant groups or individuals. Arguments and social tension becomes rationale for various controversies, where disagreements do not have room, since the society becomes a back-up tool for the proposed agendas. The main agent for the spread of moral panic is the media, owing to the recent technological developments in the adoption of integrated communication frameworks (Allen and Seaton, 1999). A cluster of characteristics is attributed to the concept of moral panic, which includes moral concern. This entails awareness creation to the society that the activities of a certain group are likely to cause societal disorder, leading to long-term negativity. Hostility is also increased in that, the society sees the deviant groups mentioned as folk devils that are not supposed to dwell among other people. Consensus is also an important feature since the infected society concedes in the aforementioned item of agenda that is anticipated to cause panic in the target society. However, the conceding groups do take action that is not tantamount to the real threat that is caused by the deviant groups. Disproportionality occurs in such a phenomenon, since the take of the issue is usually weighty to extents that are not in regards to the proximity of the deviant... The main idea of the report is media coverage which has also utilized moral panic to develop a take of the Muslims as financially and economically successful people. They are associated with wealth and excellence due to their optimistic nature. Their commitment when handling their religious, political, economical, social, and cultural values has overwhelmed a majority. Televisions, radio stations, and internet blogs present the Muslims as economical threats in their areas of occupation, owing to their hardworking nature. This has also acted as a rationale for the economical improvements in fear of it being triumphed by the Muslims due to moral panic presented by media. Their comprehension as political threats has made it possible for countries to develop moral panic in electing Muslim leaders to eradicate political domination. This paper makes a conclusion that the recent years have seen the usefulness of moral panic by media in the enhancement of the understanding of recent media coverage of Muslims. Media coverage is also an instrument for transformation of crucial information, a field that has developed in the recent years in terms of new devices acquirement. The understanding of Muslims has received both a positive and a negative take in the contemporary society. However, the media should lay new strategies that would enhance the understanding of societal issues in true manners, rather than creating moral panic that creates hostility and other negative impacts, especially in promoting the understanding recent media coverage of Muslims.

Career in Victimology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career in Victimology - Assignment Example Therefore, victimologists are professionals who study crime victims as well as the psychological impacts of being a victim to crime. They study both the offenders and the offended individuals in the context of a criminal activity. Students aspiring to be victimologists study various types of victimization and the differences between indirect and direct victims in crime in the society. Moreover, just like in most professional fields, they also work under certain ethics associated with the human and civil rights of crime victims as well as the impacts of these rights on the professionals of criminal justice (Doerner, 2015). This course is designed in a manner that prepares criminal justice as well as law enforcement students to relate with crime victims and to comprehend the complexity of particular victim issues. Keeping in mind that criminal activities are on the rise studying victimology is very important since it helps in identifying factors that may increase the possibility of an individual to get involved in a crime. However, some critics of victimology argue that some of the findings in victimology might not be accurate, moreover, others argue that it is a non-academic program where a hodgepodge of interests, ideas and research methods have been illogically grouped and it should emerged with criminology. What these critics do not understand is that with the aid of the new technology, it has matured from a moderately new development in criminology to an advanced social science that studies victims of crime (Doerner,

Describe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe - Essay Example time for students as they don’t need to leave the university to look for various services.ISU has well trained, equipped and experienced lecturers who teach the students and provide them with knowledge on their various courses. In addition, the university has a well equipped library and resource center where they do their private studies and research. The University offers different leisure time activities for both children and adults. These activities benefit the students, campus staff, and their children. The University hosts an extraordinary variety of events: lectures, performances, exhibitions, concerts, readings, film screenings, and more, many of which are student planned and run. The University events calendar keeps track of all daily happenings on and around campus. Many relatives, friends, and many other people visit the campus during the fun times. The university supports student efforts to take the lead in shaping the learning and living environment. Many student organizations work with the Student Activities Office and other university groups to plan events and bring exciting guests, artists, and speakers to campus. The ISU community is well-equipped with everything that could be found anywhere else outside the University.ISU has a website where one can obtain help and information on the University. The has a meeting room, where students hold various meetings for both academic and co-curricular matters. The meeting room is updated with technology, river views, Wi-Fi, and a welcoming, knowledgeable staff to help make meetings a success. The University has a bookstore where students get books and other learning materials easily and at low costs. It also has a game center. The game center serves as a hub for experiential education, persuasive play research, and innovative production in the fields of games for change. The game center seeks to encourage collaboration and establish a foundation for research at ISU on serious games and virtual